102 water p h notes 2010
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Biochemistry ppt (2021)
This document contains an index and sections on topics related to biochemistry including: introduction to biochemistry; history of biochemistry; principle areas of biochemistry including biomolecules and metabolites; properties of water; pH and buffer solutions; and importance of biochemistry in agriculture. It discusses key concepts such as the polar and solvent properties of water, how pH is measured, how buffer solutions maintain pH, and applications of biochemistry in fields like agriculture, crop improvement, and disease treatment.
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Unique properties of water
Water is polar. ...
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Water has high heat capacity. ...
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Water has cohesive and adhesive properties. ...
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The document discusses the molecular structure and properties of water. It notes that water is a polar molecule, with slightly positive and negative ends due to the uneven sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other and other polar substances. The hydrogen bonding between water molecules gives water many unique properties that help to moderate Earth's temperature and make it suitable for life, including its high heat capacity, ability to change state from solid to liquid to gas, and ability to dissolve many other substances.
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This document summarizes an experiment investigating the properties of water. It found that water is a universal solvent, dissolving many substances like NaCl, sugar, and CuSO4, while substances like lard and ethanol were immiscible. Water also acts as a good medium for biochemical reactions, allowing reactions between ascorbic acid and sodium bicarbonate to produce carbon dioxide bubbles. Additionally, the document examines hydrate formation with copper sulfate and sugar, hydrolysis reactions using ammonium chloride, and differences between hard and soft water in soap solutions. The conclusion states that water's properties give it an important role in sustaining life and environments.
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The document discusses the molecular structure and properties of water. It notes that water is a polar molecule, with slightly positive and negative ends due to the uneven sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other and other polar substances. The hydrogen bonding between water molecules gives water many unique properties that help to moderate Earth's temperature and make it suitable for life, including its high heat capacity, ability to change state from solid to liquid to gas, and ability to dissolve many other substances.
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Water has unique properties that make it essential for life on Earth. It is the universal solvent and medium for biological and chemical processes. Its ability to moderate temperature through processes like evaporation and its expansion upon freezing help stabilize temperatures for organisms. Its polarity allows it to dissolve many substances including proteins and ions, forming hydration shells. Water's dissociation into H+ and OH- ions affects pH and biochemical reactions. Its properties related to density, heat capacity, and phase changes influence global heat transfer and circulation patterns in oceans.
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Water is the most abundant substance on Earth and exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. It has unique physical characteristics like being colorless, odorless, and tasteless as a liquid. Its freezing point is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C. Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms and is represented by the formula H2O. Natural sources of water include oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater but require purification for human use and consumption. Common purification methods include filtration, boiling, and chlorination which remove various impurities while distillation produces the purest form of water.
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Water is essential for all life on Earth and makes up a large portion of both the planet and living organisms. It has unique properties, such as being a polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds, having a high heat of vaporization and specific heat, and having a lower density as a solid than as a liquid. These special properties are crucial for many biological and ecological functions on Earth.
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Water is a polar molecule that is essential for life. Its polarity allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and act as a solvent for biological molecules and reactions in living cells and organisms. Water has unique physical properties, such as a high heat capacity and ability to form hydrogen bonds, that make it well-suited to regulate temperature and support life processes on Earth. The polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules also allow water to have high surface tension and influence many other physical phenomena.
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properties-of-liquids
The document discusses the unique properties of water that make it essential for life. It explains that water's molecular structure causes it to be polar, allowing it to be an excellent solvent and giving it high surface tension, specific heat, and heat of vaporization. These properties, including its unusual density maximum as a liquid, are what allow water to exist as a liquid at Earth's surface temperatures and support all known lifeforms, which mostly contain water. The document emphasizes how water's intermolecular forces endow it with properties that no other substance has, making life as we know it impossible without water.
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Water has unique properties like polarity, hydrogen bonding, and anomalous behavior that arise from its molecular structure and allow it to act as the universal solvent for biological molecules and reactions. Its ability to ionize and act as both an acid and base through donation or acceptance of protons enables water to buffer pH changes and participate in metabolic pathways. The high heat of vaporization and specific heat of water also make it essential for regulating temperatures in living organisms.
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Demography is the study of human populations, including their size, makeup, economics, and social structure. Demographers group countries into developed and developing categories and use tools like age structure graphs, survivorship curves, and fertility/migration rates to analyze population changes over time and make predictions. All human populations are undergoing a demographic transition from high birth and death rates to lower rates as countries develop.
Unit 3 a ch 8 s2 how species interact with each other
This document discusses how species interact with each other through their niches and habitats. It defines a species' niche as its role in an ecosystem, including its physical home, survival needs, and interactions. A species' habitat is where it lives. Species can interact through competition for limited resources, predation where one species feeds on another, parasitism where one species lives in/on another and harms it, mutualism where both species benefit, and commensalism where one benefits and the other is unaffected. Overlapping niches and competitive exclusion can lead to niche restriction. Adaptations help species avoid predation or parasitism. Symbiosis describes close species associations, and coevolution occurs when species evolve together
Unit 3 a ch 8 s1 how populations change in size
This document discusses key concepts about populations including:
1) A population is defined as all members of a species living together in the same area and capable of interbreeding. The 3 properties of a population are its size, density, and dispersal pattern.
2) Populations can experience exponential growth in the absence of limiting factors, but will typically reach logistic growth as resources become constrained, leveling off at the carrying capacity.
3) Population growth rate is calculated by comparing population sizes over time. Limiting factors like food and space regulate population size through density-dependent and density-independent factors.
Unit 2 a ch 5 s3 how ecosystems change
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the gradual process of change and replacement of species in a community over time. There are two types of succession - primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces without an existing ecosystem, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance to an existing ecosystem. Both end with a climax community, a stable ecosystem that will remain the same if undisturbed. Primary succession follows steps of weathering rock to form soil, then grasses, shrubs, pine trees and finally shade-tolerant deciduous trees. Secondary succession reestablishes more quickly on existing soil and also progresses from pioneer species like grasses to shrubs to trees.
Unit 2 a ch 5 s2 the cycling of materials
This document summarizes several nutrient cycles that are essential for life. It describes the nitrogen cycle, in which nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere by lightning and bacteria, taken up by plants, and recycled through organisms and the soil with the help of bacteria. It also outlines the carbon/oxygen cycle of photosynthesis and respiration, the water cycle of evaporation and precipitation, and the phosphorus cycle of weathering and plant uptake. It notes how human activities like fossil fuel use, deforestation, septic systems, and phosphorus pollution can disrupt these natural cycles.
Unit 2 a ch 5 s1 energy flow in ecosystems
1) Energy from the sun powers photosynthesis in plants and algae, producing carbohydrates that form the base of most ecosystems' food chains.
2) Some deep sea ecosystems use chemosynthetic bacteria that derive energy from sulfur compounds rather than the sun, as the base of their food chains.
3) Energy is transferred between organisms as one eats another, but about 90% is lost as heat or waste at each transfer, making long food chains unsustainable in most ecosystems.
Unit 2 a ch 4 s2 evolution
This document discusses key concepts about evolution including what evolution is, natural selection, adaptations, coevolution, and how evolution can occur through artificial selection. It explains that evolution is a change in a population's traits over time due to natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits. Adaptations are genetic traits that help organisms survive in their environment. The document also discusses how pesticide resistance in insects occurs through evolution and how leaving refuges can help prevent full resistance in insect populations.
Unit 2 a ch 4 s1 ecosystems- everything is connected
The document discusses the key components and levels of organization in ecosystems studied by ecologists. It defines habitat, biotic factors (living things), abiotic factors (non-living things) as components of ecosystems. It also explains that biotic and abiotic factors influence each other. Finally, it outlines the levels of life studied, from organism to population to community to ecosystem to biome.
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102 water p h notes 2010
- 1. Biology 102 A Properties of Water And Acids/Bases SB1.d. Explain the impact of water on life processes.
- 2. Why is water important to humans? • 2/3 of the weight of a cell is WATER! • Look at all the important uses of water in the body…
- 3. What properties of water make it so useful and important? 1. Water is polar: a. Has a slight charge on each end. b. One side of water is “+” and the other side is “-” c. This polarity enables water to dissolve many substances
- 4. What properties of water make it so useful and important? 2. Water is called “Universal solvent”: a. Differences in charges pulls/pushes substances apart
- 5. What properties of water make it so useful and important? 3. Water is cohesive & adhesive which creates surface tension a.Cohesive- water molecules stick to each other b.Adhesive- water molecules stick to other surfaces c.Surface tension- like a skin of water d.Ex: how some insects walk on water Surface tension created by cohesiveness of water
- 6. What properties of water make it so useful and important? 4. Water moves by capillary action a.Capillary action- water molecules pull each other up against gravity b.This is how trees get water from their roots to their leaves.
- 7. What properties of water make it so useful and important? 5. Water exhibits evaporative cooling: a.removes heat when it evaporates from a surface- ex: sweating b.Stores heat- helps maintain earth’s temperature
- 8. What properties of water make it so useful and important? 6. Water expands during freezing: a.ex: rocks broken up by ice to create soil b. Also less dense when frozen so floats on liquid water- prevents entire ponds from freezing- which would kill animals in pond
- 9. So why is water so important to LIFE? • Used in chemical reactions in cells • Helps create soil • Plants use to make food for all • Used to dissolve materials needed in cells • Helps maintain Earth’s temperature
- 10. What is the pH scale? Measures the concentration of Hydrogen (H+) ions in a solution
- 11. What is an ACID? 1. release H+ when mixed with water 2. 0-6 on pH scale 3. Sour, corrosive 4. Always have H at front of formula 5. Ex: HCl is hydrochloric acid What is a BASE? 1. release hydroxide (OH-) when mixed with water 2. 8-14 on pH scale 3. Bitter, slippery, usually in cleaners 4. Always have OH at end of Neutral: H+ ions and OH- ions are formula equal so it is neutral. They are 7 on pH 5. Ex: NaOH is sodium hydroxide scale.
- 12. What’s the pH scale got to do with Biology? • Chemical reactions in Body Part/System Normal pH range cells release and Blood pH 7.5 (neutral) Urine/Saliva pH 6.5 (slightly acidic) absorb hydrogen- this Stomach pH 1.5 (very acidic) can change pH. Intestine pH 8.5 (slightly alkaline) • If pH levels in body are not maintained, electrical chemistry in body doesn’t work- can lead to sickness.
- 13. What is a buffer? 1. Body chemicals that prevent sharp changes in pH so keep solution neutral 2. Help to control pH in blood, digestive tract, etc. to maintain homeostasis
- 14. Quiz 2 1. Your saliva measures 7 on the pH scale, it is a(n) ___ solution? a. acidic b. basic c. neutral 2. The ___ property of water helps in the formation of soil. a. capillary action b. expansion during freezing c. evaporative cooling 3. Laundry detergent typically has a pH of 3 which indicates a(n) ___ solution? a. acidic b. basic c. neutral 4. The use of ___ helps to maintain a certain pH in our bodies maintaining homeostasis. a. buffers b. bases c. acids 5. The ___ property of water removes heat helping to cool your skin through sweating. a. capillary action b. evaporation c. cohesion